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The Twentieth Century. The Second World War.

--- Refugees


Tug of War, Joan Lingard, Puffin,1992, £4.99, Paperback. 192 pages. ISBN 0140373195

This book was first published in 1989.

September, 1944 and the Russians are advancing eastwards into the Baltic states. This means that the Petersons family will have to flee to Germany. They cannot stay in Latvia because Lukas Petersons has been classified by the Russians as an "Enemy of the People." He is an educated man and a university professor and he owns land. Not much but enough to be listed. Lukas has kept in touch with a friend from his university days. A Professor Zimmerman who lives in Leipzig and it is to him that the family now hope to go. Their friends, the Jansons, are travelling with them.

They have left it to the very last minute and they reach the station only to find that the last train has left early. But they are allowed to travel with the German supply convoy to the coast.

It is a slow journey by horse drawn wagon. They travel by night and camp by day because of the air raids but five weeks later they reach the port of Leipaja. After a long, cold wait on the docks they are eventually allowed to embark. It is a short journey but a dangerous one and they survive an attack both by a German submarine and a fighter plane but, after a day and a night, they arrive at Gydnia in German occupied Poland. They go to the railway station where they hope to get on a train to Germany. Then catastrophe for the Petersons family. The parents, eight-year-old Tomas, and fourteen-year-old Astra all get on the train -- which moves off. Then they find that Astra's twin brother, Hugo is not with them. What has happened to him?

Hugo is very short sighted. Without his glasses he is almost blind. When queueing to get on the train he finds himself in the middle of a milling, jostling throng. He is desperately trying to keep his sister Astra in sight when his glasses are knocked off. He makes a frantic attempt to retrieve them and is trampled underfoot. He is helped to his feet and aboard a train. He has a nasty cut on his head and he is barely conscious. Eventually the train stops and the people are told to disembark and make their way to a refugee camp. Two men help Hugo but they are forced to leave him on the railway embankment. They promise to come back for him.

Hugo is found by a German signallman -- a Herr Schneider -- who takes him to his home where he is nursed back to health by Frau Schneider and her daughter Bettina. From this point on the stories of Hugo and the rest of the Petersons family are told in alternate chapters. Hugo settles down and makes his home with the Schneiders. When he is well again he travels to Leipzig and finds the home of Professor Zimmerman but the house is in ruins. Believing that his family is dead Hugo returns to the Schneiders.

Meantime the rest of the family are shuttled between various refugee camps where they endure deprivation and starvation rations. Eventually Lukas gets travel permits and they arrive in Leipzig only to find that Professor Zimmerman is dead and his widow cannot help them. They go to a school in Leipzig which is being used as a refugee camp. It is a miserable, cold, bleak place and Lukas wants them to find somewhere in the country as cities are dangerous places in wartime. They are lucky. They find a farmer who lets them stay in his barn. Then Leipzig falls to the American First Army and the Petersons are moved to a refugee transit camp run by the Americans.

News comes of the partitioning of Germany and they learn that they are in what is to be the Russian section. Lukas goes to the American commandant and once again they are on the move. They are shipped out in a train consisting of roofless wagons. They end up in the medieval town of Esslington in southern Germany. Gradually things begin to get better but Lukas knows that they will never be accepted in Germany. They will always be DPs -- Displaced Persons. He is determined to find a home where his family will be accepted. He writes nearly two thousand letters trying to find someone who will offer him a job and accommodation. Eventually he is offered both in Toronto while a similar offer is made to the Jansons in Boston. They make a final train journey to Hamburg.

The Petersons have been making continuous enquiries about Hugo but without success but in Hamburg Astra finds her brother again. Now Hugo has a difficult decision to make. Whether to sail with his family to Canada or to stay with the Schneiders who have been so kind to him.

This book shows the misery war causes to many ordinary people who want nothing more than to get on with their everyday lives.

But it also shows the resilience of human nature. For example, when they are being transported in the roofless wagons, they find wood and construct makeshift roofs.

This resilience is particularly brought out by the behaviour of the two young boys, Tomas Peterson and Zigi Janson. While waiting on the docks at Gydnia they chase up and down playing tag. While staying at the farmhouse their main concern is finding glue for their model aeroplanes and when they are in Esslington they comb through the American refuse dumps for anything of use.

This book reveals the reality of the utter chaos in Europe in the years following the Second World War. It is based on the experiences of the author's own husband and family who left Latvia in 1944 and were refugees until they went to Canada in 1948.

Teenage

Between two Worlds,Joan Lingard, Puffin, 1995, £4.99, Paperback,192 pages, ISBN 0140372970

This book was first published in 1991.

This is a sequel to Tug of War which described how the Petersons family were forced to flee from Latvia at the end of the Second World War, and their experiences in various refugee camps until they were able to embark on a ship for Canada and a new life. Lukas, the father, has been promised a teaching job in Toronto and a Canadian couple, Mr and Mrs Fraser, are to supply accommodation.

But things do not work out as planned. When they arrive in Toronto Lukas has a heart attack. He is taken to hospital and recovers but is told that he can never work again. Meanwhile the Frasers are about to leave Toronto. Before they go they find alternative accommodation for the Petersons. It is cramped and uncomfortable and in a basement. Their landlady does not really want them and is unkind to them. Part of the arrangement is that Astra is to help her daughter-in-law. Astra finds herself exploited looking after three young children. Eventually she flares up and is dismissed. This means that the family has to find different accommodation. Which they eventually do.

Now all the members of the family have to find some way of making money. Hugo finds work on a building site. It is hard and exhausting. His twin sister Astra gets a tedious job in a dry cleaners and his mother works as a cleaner. Even twelve-year-old Tomas works as a delivery boy after school and on Saturdays. And as well as basic survival they also have adjust to living in a foreign land and learning about different customs. Tomas even has to learn his lessons in a foreign language.

But they are all determined that they are not going to live like this for the rest of their lives. Although tired at the end of the day Hugo and Astra both force themselves to attend evening classes. Gradually they settle down and begin to make friends. And at the end of the book a solution is presented to them -- if they have the courage to take it. They can buy a plot of land if they are prepared to build a house on it themselves.

This book shows the plight of refugees who have absolutely nothing trying to make a new life for themselves. But the message is that courage and resourcefulness will always win through in the end.

A tribute to human resilience.

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